M2U2A1 - Pei Yi Liu
M2U2A1
Bilingual teaching regulations and ideas in China: what are the rules and who makes them? Canada: A much simpler, straight-forward quest for knowledge
By Pei Yi Liu
Introduction
A note on China's policies and why finding concrete evidence in English and even in Chinese is
impossible: As a Taiwanese teaching at an international school in China, it is extremely difficult
to find accurate information on the governing bodies over education in China, and how those
rules affect my daily teaching. In truth, the school I work at only sometimes has to follow the
local public school laws, and sometimes not.It's strange, and I don't wholly understand it.
No one I work with does either.
Why is this? Well, one has to understand something about China first. The word of law as it is
written for legislation on teaching in China can change from one day to the next without any
warning. There's the Ministry of Education, but unlike western educational associations, they
don't really publish anything about bilingual education, which is what I want to look at. Even
if there were a lot of things that are written down and made into law, would those laws be
enforced? Hardly. That is China's biggest issue: The rule of law means little. There might be
so many rules about a thing, but most if not all of those rules are rarely enforced. It's hard to
tell who is truly "in charge"; there are so many bureaucracies and they produce conflicting
information. So in summary I could try to do this project on China but it'd be inaccurate and
misleading. So instead, I'm choosing to investigate bilingual teaching in Canada. I choose to
base my research on Canada because Canada is similar to America, it's where I want to live in
about 5 years, and it has two official languages (English and French) making it a bilingual country.
I want to see if there are some really good policies in place to help make the whole country
good at speaking, reading, and writing in French and English, as well as other languages.
Also, what are the rules for teaching other languages? I'd like to go there and teach English
to Chinese immigrants in Toronto one day. I'm going to compare/contrast the studies and
research done here with my own experiences with learning English.
I focused on two national organizations in Canada, but before I talk about them, it's important
to note a really big difference between Canadian and American education: Canada's education
is mostly done at the provincial level; they don't have a Canadian version of Common Core
standards. (Library of Congress, 2015) They don't have a federal level ministry of education;
Each province is in charge of all things about primary and secondary education.
With that in mind, I'm going to look at the Canadian Education Association (CEA) a nonprofit
organization, and TEFL Canada which is the governing body of ESL teaching in Canada. For
my international organization I'm going to analyze the NAEYC.
CEA
The CEA is a non-profit organization that's been around since 1891 in Canada that describes
itself as "A leading research and action centre to influence educational transformation in
Canada." (CEA, 2017) As a non-profit they do not determine laws, rules and regulations
for Canadian schools, but they are very influential and have been around for a long time.
They also get federal funding through the Canada Magazine Fund. (CEA, 2017) Their goals
are the following: "Convening divergent stakeholders to advance ideas and to mobilize a
pan-Canadian movement for change in education, supporting and promoting the innovation
and courageous leadership that is driving change in Canada’s education systems, and producing
and disseminating research that can impact practice and enhance student engagement".
(CEA, 2017) That sounds ambitious. They are reaching these goals by conducting research
and spreading useful ideas through publications, it's website, workshops, and social media
channels.
Since I want to look at bilingual education in Canada, I read a few of their publications to
get an idea of what their perspective is on bilingual education. I was surprised at how
poorly Canada did at being bilingual despite having 2 official languages (Lepage and Corbeil,
2013). One article in particular hosted on the CEA website caught my attention, which was
Multiple Pathways to Second Language Competence: Creating more opportunities for more
students by Dr. Cynthia Lewis. In this article, she blames the French immersion model as being
unsuccessful, only producing fluently bilingual students in less than 5% of participants.
(Lewis, 2017) 5%! That's terrible. What's going on here? What are they doing wrong?
According to Lewis, the model is flawed for a variety of reasons:
The ability of school boards...[to have French Immersion programs] is confined by
context and circumstances around available space, student enrolments, budget,
personnel and competing demands from neighborhood schools and other programs
of choice. Finding and keeping teachers [who can teach French in an FL system] is a
continued challenge for pre-service and in- service programs. (Lewis, 2017)
Lewis thinks that there are solutions to this problem, and makes the following suggestions:
Extended French models, where, in addition to the language course itself, some additional
content-based courses are offered in French at the secondary level. This affords students
opportunities to use the language in practical and meaningful ways. Intensive French
followed by the option of enrolling in Late Immersion in Grade 6 or 7. Finally, there should
be a “Late late” Intensive model, where students spend an entire semester immersed in
the language at the Grade 9 or 10 level. (Lewis, 2017) I think these are strong suggestions,
we will see if Canada can become more successfully bilingual. As of now it can only improve.
TESL Canada
So how does learning English as a second language in Canada compare to learning French?
For that we should look at TESL Canada. This is a different approach to language acquisition,
because this is a national organization. This organization focuses more on adult education than
children, and so therefore is not connected to the provincial teaching ministries. That means
that TESL Canada get to set the standard for a unified approach to teaching ESL across all
provinces. If someone wants to teach ESL in Canada, they first have to do hold a bachelors
degree, then complete a TESL/TESOL/TEFL certification course. (TESL Canada, 2016).
Once this is completed, potential teachers must then apply for both a Canadian TESL license,
then a provincial license.
TESL Canada has put out a PDF on what its goals and aims are for the years 2015-2018.
Their mission statement is "To promote excellence in the teaching and learning of English
as a second or additional language in partnership with its constituent provincial and territorial
associations, and like-minded national and international organizations." (TESL Canada, 2015).
Much like CEA, they also have an online journal that publishes regular articles. They have some
good ideas about how to improve the ways in which ESL learners and ESL teachers can improve
the overall quality of education for everyone involved. This is really interesting to me, because
I have met ESL teachers from the west before, and while some of them were really good at
their job and very professional, others were pretty careless and not very invested in the job.
Canada is a very multicultural country, so I would imagine there's a lot of work for ESL teachers
in Canada and also a need for strong rules on how to be an ESL teacher, but I guess once they
go abroad its easier for them to get work.
NAEYC
I chose NAEYC because I have taught the elementary age group the most, information about
students at an earlier age is useful and interesting to me. Just like the two Canadian national
associations, the NAEYC had some excellent articles about a wide variety of educational topics,
but I was drawn to one in particular right away about bilingual education. The article was
called What parents Have to Teach Us About Their Dual Language Children, and it confirmed
something I knew about learning a second language: Knowing what languages are spoken
at home can help teachers figure out the best ways of helping bilingual young learners. I
came across this interesting quote about early language acquisition: "DLLs [Dual Language
Learner] transfer home language literacy practices, phonemic awareness, phonics, and
content knowledge between languages (Bialystok 2007). When bilinguals learn to read
in their home language first, learning to read in English becomes easier." (Michael-Luna, 2015). This means that young children learn to read faster in their L2 (Second Language)
if they are encouraged to read in their L1 (First Language) at home. Just like the national
organizations, The NAEYC proves its' usefulness with a lot of reading materials that inform
their decision making and knowledge base.
My thoughts as a second language learner
After reading over several articles and looking at how each of these organizations view
bilingual education, its' interesting to see how each organization approaches the issue.
I was surprised to learn Canada had such a problem with English and French bilingualism,
that was very surprising. Maybe it has something to do with their being only one province
that mostly speaks French while the rest speak English? Very interesting though. It seems
like they are going to change their French immersion programs. Looking at how English
is taught to adults in Canada, it was interesting to learn that there was a group, TESL
Canada, that handled ESL education across the whole country, while primary and secondary
education was mostly at the provincial level. What I would like to know more about it how
successful Canada is at teaching ESL students. If there's some success stories there, perhaps
they could use the information to help make learning French better as well. That being said,
as an ESL learner myself, I learned English from intrinsic motivation. First, I wanted to
understand what was said in Western movies, they were (and still are) so interesting!
Then I had an aunt who moved to Canada. She told me some amazing things about how
different the education system is there. What I am saying is, there was a clear reason for
me to learn English. Perhaps in Canada people don't feel like there's enough of a reason?
The thing I learned about the NAEYC was that are good scholarly journals about early
childhood education. Honestly by the time I had gotten to this part I was just exhausted.
I had learned so much about Canada's laws and educational problems that I didn't
have time to look too deeply into the NAEYC.
References
Library of Congress. 2015. Children's Rights: Canada. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/canada.php
Canadian Education Association, 2017. About Us. Retrieved from http://www.cea-ace.ca/about-us
Lepage, Jean-Francois and Corbeil, Jean-Pierre, 2013. The Evolution of English-French Bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011. Statistics Canada, Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11795-eng.htm
Dr. Cynthia Lewis. (2017). Multiple Pathways to Second Language Competence: Creating more opportunities for more students. Canada Education, volume 57 issue 1. Retrieved from http://www.cea-ace.ca/education-canada/article/multiple-pathways-second-language-competence
TESL Canada, 2016. TESL Canada's Mission Statement. Retrieved from https://www.tesl.ca/about-us/mission-and-values
TESL Canada, 2015. The Future of TESL Canada: Strategic Plan 2015-2018. Retrieved from https://www.tesl.ca/images/docs/2015_docs/TESLCanadaStrategicPlan2015.pdf
Michael-Luna, Sara. (November 2015). What Parents Have To Teach Us About Their Dual Language Children.
Young Children, Volume 70 issue 5. Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org/yc/article/What-Parents-Have-to-Teach-Us-About-Their-Dual-Language-Children
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